During the reporting period, SARG and Russian airstrikes continued to target cultural heritage sites at an increasing rate, particularly in Aleppo, Idlib, and to a lesser extent Homs governorates. The Syrian Network for Human Rights and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights remain the most reliable sources on such airstrikes coupled with additional verification conducted by in-country sources. Multiple places of worship, particularly modern mosques, were severely damaged in these regions. In-country and media sources find it difficult to distinguish between Russian and SARG airstrikes: this ambiguity may be lowering inhibitions over the direct targeting of cultural assets — already fairly minimal given the extent and magnitude of damage to date — and in the future will likely complicate assigning responsibility for attacks within legal contexts. SARG barrel bombing caused severe damage to standing architecture within the UNESCO World Heritage site Ancient City of Bosra in Daraa Governorate. SARG barrel bombings from helicopters represent a manifestly direct form of targeting (aircraft hover above targets before dropping explosives). The current air campaign targeting houses of worship in predominantly Sunni areas will likely fuel reprisal attacks by Sunni belligerents on heritage sites affiliated with SARG, continuing and exacerbating a well- documented cycle of cultural destruction.

The Syrian Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums posted two reports on its website detailing extensive damage to the UNESCO World Heritage Site Ancient Villages of Northern Syria — the site is comprised of several expansive parks containing famous standing architecture of Late Antiquity and the Byzantine period. Various sites have been heavily impacted by the conflict. Much of the damage stems from the intensive use and modification of sites by internally displaced persons. The DGAM also released information on archaeological looting at the site of Majduliyeh in the Quneitra Governorate of southern Syria. ASOR CHI has been receiving much information on the looting and trafficking of antiquities in the south from in-country sources.

ASOR CHI analyses of recently released DigitalGlobe satellite imagery reveal some changes to militarized archaeological sites in Hama and Aleppo Governorates.